COP29: Me zai mamaye taron sauyin yanayi a Azerbaijan?

Ana gudanar da muhimmin taron bana kan ƙoƙarin hana duniya ɗumama mai hatsari a Baku, babban birnin Azarbaijan, ƙasar da ta samu haɓakar tattalin arzikinta a baya-bayan nan sakamakon hako mai da iskar gas.

Me yasa aka zaɓi Azerbaijan don karɓar bakuncin COP29 kuma menene wannan taron zai iya cimma?

Mene ne COP29?

Ana kiran taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekara-shekara kan sauyin yanayi, ”Conference of Parties”, ko COP kuma a takaice.

A wannan shekara za a gudanar da shi karo na ashirin da tara, wanda aka fara a birnin Berlin a shekarar 1995. Manufar taron na COP shi ne takaita fitar da iskar Carbon Dioxide (CO2) da kuma daƙile dumamar yanayi zuwa ma’aunin Celsius 1.5, matakin da a ke kafin bunƙasar masana’antu.

Wani muhimmin batu da za a tattauna a wannan shekara shi ne tara kuɗaɗe ga ƙasashe masu tasowa domin su iya tunkarar matsalar ɗumamar yanayi. Ƙasashe da dama sun riga sun fuskanci yanayi maras tabbas da gurɓacewar iska. Amma ƙasashe masu ƙaramin ƙarfi na fuskanytar ƙalubale sauyi zuwa amfani da makamashi mai tsafta.

A shekara ta 2009, yayin da ake gudanar da COP15 a Copenhagen, an amince da cewa za a ware dala biliyan 100 a duk shekara daga ƙasashen da suka ci gaba don tallafaw ƙasashe masu tasowa su tunkari sauyin yanayi.

A shekarar 2015, an tabbatar da wannan adadin kuɗaɗen da za a yi aiki da shi daga 2020 zuwa 2025. A cewar rahotanni daga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, an cimma burin tara dalar Amurka biliyan 100 a karon farko a shekarar 2022.

Bayan 2025, wani shiri na daban, mai taken “New Collective Quantitative Target on Climate Finance” (NCQG) zai fara aiki. Burin tara waɗannan kuɗa ɗe yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwa da za a tattauna a COP29 a Baku wannan watan.

Ƙasashe masu tasowa sun ce suna buƙatar kuɗaɗen da suka kai tsakanin dala tiriliyan 1.1 zuwa dala tiriliyan 1.3, amma ƙasashen da suka ci gaba suna son a bar wannan adadin a dala biliyan 100.

Amma daga aljihun wanene kuɗin za su fito?

“Babban abin da ke tattare da wannan ƙalubalen shi ne a yi ƙoƙarin kara yawan masu ba da taimako ta yadda ƙasashe irin su China da Indiya da Singapore da sauran su da yawa waɗanda a halin yanzu ake sanya su a matsayin ƙasashe masu tasowa za su bayar da gudummawar tsabar kuɗi. Wannan zai zama babban ƙalubale kuma yana buƙatar ƙwaƙƙwaran aikin diflomasiyya,” in ji Matt McGrath, Wakilin BBC a fannin Muhalli.

Me ya sa aka zaɓi Azerbaijan?

Zaɓen ƙasar Azabaijan a matsayin mai karɓar baƙuncin babban taron sauyin yanayi ya zo da mamaki ga mutane da yawa a cikin ƙasar, duk da cewa a cikin ƴan shekarun nan birnin Baku ya saba da gudanar da manyan bukukuwan ƙasa da ƙasa – daga gasar waƙoƙi na Eurovision a shekarar 2012 zuwa wasannin haɗin kan Musulunci a shekarar 2017 da kuma tseren Formula One tun shekarar 2016.

A bana an sa ran za a zaɓo ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da ke yankin Gabashin Turai. Armeniya da Bulgaria, waɗanda suma suka gabatar da takararsu na karɓar baƙuncin COP29, sun kasance kankankan da Azerbaijan a takarar, amma daga baya dukkansu sun janye, inda suka bai wa Azerbaijan damar karɓar baƙuncin taron.

A cewar Enzo Di Giulio, ɗan ƙasar Italiya kuma masani a fannin makamashi da tattalin arzikin muhalli, shawarar da aka yanke na gudanar da COP29 a birnin Baku bai da wata alaƙa da manufofin sauyin yanayi, an yi amfani da batun dangatakar kasa da kasa ne kawai.

“Wannan lamari ne na siyasa da ke da ma’ana mai zurfi. Da farko, Azerbaijan mai samar da mai da iskar gas ne, kuma ana iya ɗaukar ƙasar a matsayin matattarar masana’antar samar da iskar gas,” in ji shi.

Masana’antar man fetur da iskar gas ta kasance ginshikin tattalin arzikinta tun bayan da ta samu ƴancin kai bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1991, yayin da aka ƙara samun danyen mai a ƙarƙashin tekun Caspian.

Alƙaluma a hukumance na shekarar 2023 sun nuna cewa sama da kashi uku na kuɗaɗen kasar sun samu ne a ɓangaren mai da iskar gas, kuma kason mai da iskar gas a kasafin kuɗin 2023 ya haura kashi 50%. Kayayyakin mai da iskar gas sun kasance sama da kashi 90% na abubuwan da ƙasar ke fitarwa.

Masani a fannin yanayi kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar “Ecofront” ta Azerbaijan, Javid Gara ya ce Azarbaijan bata y wani muhimmin yunƙuri kan alƙawuran da suka shafi yanayi ba a halin yanzu.

“Azerbaijan ba ta da ƙwarin gwiwa wajen cika alƙawuranta. An yi tsammanin za a gabatar da wani babban shiri kafin COP29, amma ba a cimma ruwa ba.”

A sa’i ɗaya kuma, shugaban ƙasar Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev ya ayyana shekarar 2024 a matsayin “Shekarar marawa makamashi ma tsafta baya a duniya”. Manufar Baku a hukumance shine rage yawan iskar gas da kashi 35% nan da shekarar 2030, da kuma kashi 40% nan da 2050, idan aka kwatanta da alƙaluman 1990.

Abubuwa masu muhimmanci kan Azerbaijan

Shekaru da dama da suka gabata an raba ƙasar a tsakanin daulolin Rasha da Farisa, daga baya kuma ta zama wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Soviet. A shekara ta 1873, ƴan’uwan Nobel ƴan wani fitaccen dangin masu masana’antu na ƙasar Sweden, sun kafa wani babban kamfanin mai a Baku, wanda a wani ɗan lokaci ya ke samar da rabin mai na duniya baki ɗaya.

A halin yanzu, Baku na da daidaiton manufofin ƙasashen ƙetare da ƙasashen yammaci da Rasha, amma Turkiyya na da tasiri sosai saboda alaƙar al’adu da harshe. Tana da dangantaka ta taka tsantsan da Iran yayin da ta ke sayarwa Isra’ila da man fetur ta ke kuma sayen makamai daga gare ta.

Azerbaijan ta tallafa wa ayyukan NATO a Afghanistan a cikin shekarun 2000s. Kamfanonin Birtaniya sun zuba jarin dala biliyan 83 a Azerbaijan, inda babban kamfani na BP ke taka muhimmiyar rawa.

Ƙasar Azabaijan ta ƙulla hulɗar abokantaka bisa manyan tsare-tsare da Rasha da China, kuma tana son shiga ƙungiyar BRICS, ƙawancen tattalin arziki ƙarƙashin jagorancin Brazil da Rasha da Indiya da China da Afirka ta Kudu. A sa’i ɗaya kuma Azabaijan ta ci gajiyar takunkumin da ƙasashen duniya suka ƙaƙabawa ƙasar Rasha, bayan da ta mamaye ƙasar Ukraine, yayin da a yanzu take sayar da man fetur da iskar gas ga ƙasashen Turai.

An tayar da damuwa kan haƙƙin ɗan adam bayan zaɓin Azerbaijan a matsayin ƙasar da za ta karɓi baƙuncin COP29. Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama sun soki yadda ake take hakkin dan Adam a ƙasar. An bayar da rahoton cewa akwai fursunonin siyasa sama da 400 duk da cewa gwamnatocin Azerbaijan sun musanta cewa an tsare wani saboda ra’ayinsa na siyasa.

Ƙasar Azabaijan dai na fama da rikici da makwabciyarta Armeniya kan yankin Karabag, wanda aka fi sani da Nagorno-Karabakh, tun a shekarar 1991. Ta sake ƙwace iko da yankin a sakamakon ayyukan soji biyu da ta gudanar sau biyu cikin gaggawa, a shekarar 2020 da kuma 2023. an ɗaiɗaita kimanin ƙabilu 100,000 sakamakon hakan inda galibin ƴan Armeniya suka yi gudun hijira.

Wani shiri Azerbaijan ke yi wa wannan taron?

Za a gudanar da COP29 a Baku, birni mai yawan al’umma miliyan 2.3 a cikin ƙasar da ke da yawan mutane miliyan 10.

Ruwan sama kamar da bakin ƙwarya da aka yi a garin Baku ya haifar da ambaliya tare da nuna rashin shirin fuskantar matsanancin yanayi. Yayin da jami’ai suka bayyana ambaliya a matsayin wanda ba a taɓa ganin irinta ba, masu suka dai na zargin lamarin ya ta’azzara ne sakamakon rashin ababen more rayuwa maimakon sauyin yanayi kaɗai.

A cikin shirye-shiryen taron, Baku ya fuskanci wasu sauye-sauye kamar titunan bas bas da ne kekuna da kekunan haya na ɗan gajeren lokaci, da babura masu amfani da lantarki. An ɓullo da ababen more rayuwa kamar tashoshin cajin motoci masu amfani da wutar lantarki da fitulun kan hanya na ababen hawa na kekuna. An yi wa fuskokin gine-gine kwaskwarima, kuma an gyara tituna gabanin taron.

Menene taron zai cimma?

Yayin da shugabannin duniya ke taruwa a Baku daga ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba, COP29 za ta zama wata dama ta ƙara ƙaimi wurin cimma burin yaƙar batun sauyin yanayi, musamman wajen ba da kuɗin ayyukan daƙile sauyin yanayi ga ƙasashe masu tasowa. Amma ko wannan haƙar za ta cimma ruwa?

“Wannan babban ƙalubale ne,” in ji Matt McGrath na BBC. “Ba a sami matsaya kan yadda sabon tsarin tallafin ya kamata ya kasance ba da kuma adadin kuɗaɗen da ya kamata ya ƙunsa.”

“Samun nasara kan harkokin kuɗi na da matukar muhimmanci, kamar yadda ƙasashe masu tasowa ke cewa ba za su iya inganta shirinsu na yanke fitar da iskar carbon ba tare da wani sabon alƙawari daga ƙasashe masu arziki ba.”