The Social and Ethical Challenges of the Metaverse – Springer

1. Grider, D., & Maximo, M. (2021). THE METAVERSE: Web 3.0 Virtual Cloud Economies. https://grayscale.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Grayscale_Metaverse_Report_Nov2021.pdf. Accessed 30 Aug 2023.

2. Gupta, R., & Pal, S. K. (2023). Seven layers of Metaverse. In Introduction to Metaverse: Technology landscape, applications, and challenges (pp. 45–66). Springer.

   Chapter  Google Scholar 

3. Caldwell, B., et al. (2008). Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) 2.0. WWW Consort, 290, 1–34.

   Google Scholar 

4. Dickstein, L. (2022). A wearable cane strap technologies Ara. https://time.com/collection/best-inventions-2022/6230641/strap-technologies-ara/. Accessed 08 May 2023.

5. Alexiou, G. (2022). What type of accessibility features need to be present in the Metaverse? https://www.forbes.com/sites/gusalexiou/2022/03/31/is-the-Metaverse-likely-to-be-accessible-and-inclusive-of-people-with-disabilities/. Accessed 08 May 2023.

6. Akter, T., Ahmed, T., Kapadia, A., & Swaminathan, M. (2022). Shared privacy concerns of the visually impaired and sighted bystanders with camera-based assistive technologies. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing, 15(2), 1–33.

   Article  Google Scholar 

7. Ahmad, I., Akter, T., Buher, Z., Farzan, R., Kapadia, A., & Lee, A. J. (2022). Tangible privacy for smart voice assistants: Bystanders’ perceptions of physical device controls. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 6(CSCW2), 1–31.

   Article  Google Scholar 

8. Tripathi, K., Cooper, C., & Burton, A. (2020). Older adults as victims of online financial crime. UCL. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/future-crime/sites/future_crime/files/ucl_policy_briefing_-_older_people_and_financial_crime_december21.pdf. Accessed 02 Sep 2023.

9. A. UK. (2015). Only the tip of the iceberg: Fraud against older people. Evidence Review. [Online]. Available: https://www.ageuk.org.uk/globalassets/age-uk/documents/reports-and-publications/reports-and-briefings/safe-at-home/rb_april15_only_the_tip_of_the_iceberg.pdf

10. Barclays. (2023). Bereavement Scams. https://www.barclays.co.uk/fraud-and-scams/bereavement-scams/. Accessed 02 Sep 2023.

11. Angwin, J., & Jr, T. P. (2016). Facebook lets advertisers exclude users by race. ProPublica. https://www.propublica.org/article/facebook-lets-advertisers-exclude-users-by-race. Accessed 06 Aug 2023.

12. Adeyemo, B. (2021). I’m a Black woman and the Metaverse scares me—Here’s how to make the next iteration of the internet inclusive. https://theconversation.com/im-a-black-woman-and-the-Metaverse-scares-me-heres-how-to-make-the-next-iteration-of-the-internet-inclusive-173310. Accessed 07 Aug 2023.

13. Wu, H., Hui, P., & Zhou, P. (2023). Deepfake in the Metaverse: An outlook survey. arXiv Prepr. arXiv2306.07011.

    Google Scholar 

14. Ajder, H., Patrini, G., Cavalli, F., & Cullen, L. (2019). The state of Deepfakes: Landscape, threats, and impact. [Online]. Available: https://regmedia.co.uk/2019/10/08/deepfake_report.pdf

15. Maddocks, S. (2020). ‘A Deepfake porn plot intended to silence me’: Exploring continuities between pornographic and ‘political’ deep fakes. Porn Studies, 7(4), 415–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

16. Caserta, R. (2023). The Metaverse: Why governments should care. https://kpmg.com/xx/en/blogs/home/posts/2023/01/the-Metaverse-why-governments-should-care.html. Accessed 12 Aug 2023.

17. Wu, H., & Zhang, W. (2023). Digital identity, privacy security, and their legal safeguards in the Metaverse. Security and Safety, 2, 2023011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

18. CE. (2022). Intellectual property in the Metaverse. Episode IV: Copyright. https://intellectual-property-helpdesk.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/intellectual-property-Metaverse-episode-iv-copyright-2022-06-30_en. Accessed 12 Aug 2023.

19. Macura, A. (2023). NFTs & Copyright: What do you own? https://www.searchenginejournal.com/nft-copyright/481280/#close. Accessed 15 Aug 2023.

20. Statista. (2021). Dangers of the Metaverse according to internet users worldwide in 2021.

    Google Scholar 

21. Merkx, C., & Nawijn, J. (2021). Virtual reality tourism experiences: Addiction and isolation. Tourism Management, 87, 104394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104394

    Article  Google Scholar 

22. Narin, N. G. (2021). A content analysis of the Metaverse articles. Journal of Metaverse, 1(1), 17–24.

    Google Scholar 

23. Anshari, M., Syafrudin, M., Fitriyani, N. L., & Razzaq, A. (2022). Ethical responsibility and sustainability (ERS) development in a Metaverse business model. Sustainability, 14(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315805

24. Kato, R., Kikuchi, Y., Yem, V., & Ikei, Y. (2022). Reality Avatar for customer conversation in the Metaverse. In Human interface and the management of information: Applications in complex technological environments: Thematic area, HIMI 2022, Held as Part of the 24th HCI International Conference, HCII 2022, Virtual Event, June 26 July 1, 2022, Proceedings, Part II, 2022, pp. 131–145.

    Google Scholar 

25. Fernandez, C. B., & Hui, P. (2022). Life, the Metaverse and everything: An overview of privacy, ethics, and governance in Metaverse. In 2022 IEEE 42nd international conference on distributed computing systems workshops (ICDCSW) (pp. 272–277).

    Google Scholar 

26. Chambers, C. (2014). Facebook fiasco: Was Cornell’s study of ‘emotional contagion’ an ethics breach? https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/jul/01/facebook-cornell-study-emotional-contagion-ethics-breach. Accessed 01 May 2024.

27. Munn, N., & Weijers, D. (2023). The real ethical problem with metaverses. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2023.1226848

Download references

Authors and Affiliations

1. Department of Computer Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

   Zahra Alidousti Shahraki

2. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

   Mohsen Aghabozorgi Nafchi

Editors and Affiliations

1. School of Computer Science Engineering & Information Systems, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

   Chiranji Lal Chowdhary