Abstract
Pesticide accumulation and environmental dispersion pose significant concerns in agricultural practices. This study investigates the kinetics of carbaryl removal from synthetic wastewater using photocatalytic membranes fabricated from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) loaded with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles of two sizes: 25 nm (P25) and 100 nm (P100). The PVDF hollow fiber membranes, incorporating 2% w/w TiO2, were produced via the dry-jet wet spinning method. Characterization of the membranes included analysis of morphology, mechanical properties, and chemical functional groups. The carbaryl removal performance was evaluated using a PVDF/TiO2 microfiltration membrane with an approximate pore size of 0.5 µm in a 2.0 L batch photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR), under conditions both with and without UV illumination. Results indicate that TiO2 particle size significantly impacts membrane morphology and separation performance. Membranes with smaller TiO2 particles demonstrated higher mechanical strength and a more uniform particle distribution. Water flux measurements revealed slightly higher values for membranes with smaller TiO2 particles, at 18.28 ± 0.90 L/m2 h for PVDF/TiO2-P25 and 17.93 ± 0.91 L/m2 h for PVDF/TiO2-P100. Carbaryl degradation was significantly more efficient with smaller TiO2 particles, achieving 99% removal within 20 min, compared to 48% removal by membranes with larger particles. The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of carbaryl adhered to a first-order reaction model, with rate constants (k) ranging from 0.040 to 0.375 mg-Carbaryl/L min. The enhanced specific surface area of smaller TiO2 particles contributes to their superior photocatalytic activity and increased carbaryl removal efficiency.
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Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from Integrated Research and Innovation Program 2019, Contract no. ENG6201004S and SIT6201045S by the government budget of the Prince of Songkla University. The partial supported by National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF) and Prince of Songkla University (Grant No ENG6601103S). The authors would like to thank to Dr. Arisa Jaiyu (Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research) for supporting the hollow fiber membrane fabrication.
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Rakkapao, N., Khongnakorn, W., Jeenderm, S. et al. Titanium dioxide incorporated in polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber membrane for carbaryl removal and degradation. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05877-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05877-1